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How to: Reference

What is IEEE Referencing?

IEEE referencing is a specific, numerical style of referencing. When inputting an in-text citation in this style, IEEE reference appears after the reference in square brackets and is treated as if it is a footnote number.

e.g. "This quote," [1], and "this is another quote," [2]. etc.

Computing students within Dublin Business School have the option of using either IEEE referencing format or the Harvard referencing format in their assignments.

Books

In-Text Citation

For an in-text citation, you would cite the source as follows:

According to Trott [1] innovation has helped...

Reference List

[1] P. Trott, Innovation Management and New Product Development , 6th ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2017.

In-Text Citation

For an in-text citation, you would cite the source as follows:

The discipline of software engineering has grown steadily...[2]

Reference List

[2] R. Pressman, and B.R. Maxim, Software Engineering: A Practitioner's Approach , 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2014.

In-Text Citation

For an in-text citation, you would cite the source as follows:

It has been suggested that it is simpler to write your code with fragments at the early stages of an app's development...[3]

Reference List

[3] K. Marsicano, A. Brandon-Jones, B. Gardiner, B. Phillips and C. Stewart, Operations and Process Management: Principles and Practice for Strategic Impact , 4th ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2015.

In-Text Citation

For an in-text citation, you would cite the source as follows:

The security of the cloud may hinder its further development [4].

Reference List

[4] Z. Mahmood, "Attacks in public clouds: can they hinder the rise of the cloud" in Cloud Computing: Challenges, Limitations and R&D Solutions , Z. Mahmood Ed. London: Springer International, 2014.

In-Text Citation

For an in-text citation, you would cite the source as follows:

Hamad [5] discusses the idea that...

Reference List

[5] F. Hamad, "Approaches to information architecture", in Information Systems: Process and Practice , C. Urquhart, F. Hamad, D. Tbaishat and A. Yeoman, Eds. London: Facet Publishing, 2018, pp. 9-31.

In-Text Citation

For an in-text citation, you would cite the source as follows:

Laudon and Laudon [6], [7] explain that...

Reference List

[6] K.C. Laudon and J.P. Laudon, Management Information Systems: Managing The Digital Firm , 7th edn. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2001.
[7] K.C. Laudon and J.P. Laudon, Essentials of Management Information Systems , 8th edn. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2009.

In-Text Citation

For an in-text citation, you would cite the source as follows:

The view proposed by Atrill and McLaney [8], [9]...

Reference List

[8] P. Atrill and E. McLaney, Accounting and Finance for Non-Specialists , 11th ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2019.
[9]P. Atrill and E. McLaney, Financial Accounting for Decision Makers , 9th ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2019.

In-Text Citation

For an in-text citation, you would cite the source as follows:

[10] Debenture is define as...

Reference List

[10] Dictionary of Business Terms , Wokingham: Kaplan Publishing, 2018.

In-Text Citation

For an in-text citation, you would cite the source as follows:

According to Stiglitz [11, Loc. 1956] the...
Smith [12, Cha. 5, Sec. 4, Para. 9] stated...
Jones [13, No Pagination] warned that...

Reference List

[11] J. Stiglitz, The Price of Inequality [Name of eBook reader] London: Penguin, 2013.

Note:

  1. Kindles allow users to see the location of text, use this as an identifier (Loc.).
  2. For other formats use chapter (Cha.), section (Sec.) and paragraph (Para.) where possible.
  3. If none exist, use no pagination.

In-Text Citation

For an in-text citation, you would cite the source as follows:

There are three principles of classical cyptography as set out by Katz and Lindell [14]...

Reference List

[14] J. Katz and Y. Lindell, Introduction to Modern Cryptography , 2nd ed. London: CRC Press, 2025. [Online] Available: ProQuest eBook Central.

Journals, newspapers and reports

In-Text Citation

For an in-text citation, you would cite the source as follows:

...these funds are now redomiciling in Ireland [15].

Reference List

[15] M. Camlin and C. O'Leary, "Ireland's onshore funds model", Fin. Dublin, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 13-14, 2010.

In-Text Citation

For an in-text citation, you would cite the source as follows:

According to Wieckowski [16], "the suburbs have lost their sheen".

Reference List

[16] A. Wieckowski (2010) "Back to the city", Harvard Busi. Review, vol. 88, vol. 5, pp.23-25, 2010. EBSCOhost [Online] Available: https://hbr.org/2010/05/back-to-the-city [Accessed: 25 May 2010].

In-Text Citation

For an in-text citation, you would cite the source as follows:

Analysis by Busato, Chiarini and Marchetti [17] depicts tax evasion as...

Reference List

[17] F. Busato, C. Chiarini and E.Marchetti. "Tax Shocks, Sunspots and Tax Evasion", The Open Eco. Journal, vol. 3, pp. 14-24. 2010. DOAJ [Online] Available: https://benthamopen.com/contents/pdf/TOECONSJ/TOECONSJ-3-14.pdf [Accessed: 25 May 2010].

In-Text Citation

For an in-text citation, you would cite the source as follows:

...to curb their public debts and deficit spending [18].

Reference List

[18] Q. Peel. "Berlin pushes for global curbs." Fin. Times, p. 6, May 23, 2010.

In-Text Citation

For an in-text citation, you would cite the source as follows:

...which is currently running close to 11 per cent of GDP [19].

Reference List

[19] " British chancellor unveils £6.25bn in spending cuts ", The Irish Times, 24 May 2010. [Online]. Available: https://www.irishtimes.com/news/british-chancellor-unveils-6-25bn-in-spending-cuts-1.858451 [Accessed: 24 May 2010]. (Accessed: 24 May 2010).

In-Text Citation

For an in-text citation, you would cite the source as follows:

It was noted recently by Mintel [20]...

Reference List

[20] Mintel "Non-traditional Financial Services Providers - Evaluating the role of NTPs in Ireland", Mintel oxygen reports platform, Irish series. 2009. [Online]. Available: https://reports.mintel.com/display/459141/

Websites

In-Text Citation

For an in-text citation, you would cite the source as follows:

In a bid to create a more profitable service [21]...

Reference List

[21] S. Todd. "Fine tuning spa menus with CRASE". Leisure Management. [Online]. http://www.leisuremanagement.co.uk/detail1.cfm?pagetype=detail&subject=news&codeID=193993&site=LM [Accessed: May 24, 2010].

In-Text Citation

For an in-text citation, you would cite the source as follows:

...should help in identifying those patterns [22].

Reference List

[22] Department of Enterprise, Trade and Innovation. "Credit Supply Clearing Group". [Online]. https://onf.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Your-Business-Your-Bank-1.pdf [Accessed: May 24, 2010].

In-Text Citation

For an in-text citation, you would cite the source as follows:

The prime minister will say "progress will not always be smooth" [23]

Reference List

[23] "Theresa May: 'We can prove Brexit doomsayers wrong'". [Online]. http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-41546701 [Accessed: Oct. 9, 2017].

In-Text Citation

For an in-text citation, you would cite the source as follows:

A financial instrument that references and offers economic exposure to the performance of an equity asset...[24]

Reference List

[24] "Equity Derivative | Practical Law" [Online]. https://uk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com/9-509-2405?transitionType=Default&contextData=(sc.Default) [Accessed: May 25, 2010].

Code and Datasets

In-Text Citation

For an in-text citation, you would cite the source as follows:

[Code example] [25].

Reference List

[25] C. Parnot. ' Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering, 1.0 ' GitHub. 2012. [Source Code]. Available at: https://github.com/citation-style-language/styles/blob/master/cellular-and-molecular-bioengineering.csl [Accessed: Jan. 11 2019].

In-Text Citation

For an in-text citation, you would cite the source as follows:

General house characteristics were recorded by Ambrose [26]

Reference List

[26] M. Ambrose, Air Infiltration Results for 129 Australian Dwellings, vol. 1, Canberra: CSIRO , 2018. [Dataset]. Available: https://doi.org/10.25919/5ca54346ef256 [Accessed July 4 2019].

In-Text Citation

For an in-text citation, you would cite the source as follows:

Use of Mixed Mode-Mixed level Circuit Simulator [27]

Reference List

[27] D.W. Arning et al. Mixed Mode-Mixed level Circuit Simulator (2011). Ngspice. [Online]. Available: http://ngspice.sourceforge.net [Accessed: Jan. 11, 2019].

In-Text Citation

For an in-text citation, you would cite the source as follows:

"a collection of preprogrammed templates that implement a behavior when invoked" [28]

Reference List

[28] "library. Github Topics. Github". [Online]. https://github.com/topics/library [Accessed: Oct. 9 2017].

Media

In-Text Citation

For an in-text citation, you would cite the source as follows:

Verity et al. noted that the Olympics had a detrimental effect of sales [29].

Reference List

[29] A. Verity, et al. Retail sales figures (2018) Accessed: Sept. 4th 2022 [Podcast]. Available: http://bbc.co.uk/podcasts/series/money

In-Text Citation

For an in-text citation, you would cite the source as follows:

Internal networks are critical [30]...

Reference List

[30] Oracle Business Sense Structure (2013) Accessed: 17 October 2018. Available: http://www.guardian.co.uk/podcast/0,,329509709,00.xml

In-Text Citation

For an in-text citation, you would cite the source as follows:

By making Mars inhabitable [31]...

Reference List

[31] National Geographic. Could we terraform Mars? (1 November 2018). Accessed: 21 July 2022 Available: https://www.instagram.com/p/BppNEWllmRh/

In-Text Citation

For an in-text citation, you would cite the source as follows:

The HIQUA report noted the need for investment in ambulance services [32].

Reference List

[32] L. Varadkar, "HIQUA report can be catalyst for further improvement of ambulance services." Facebook. 2 December 2014. Available: http://leovaradkar.ie/2014/12/hiqa-report-can-be-catalyst-for-further-improvement-of-ambulance-services-varadkar (Accessed: 7 February 2019)

In-Text Citation

For an in-text citation, you would cite the source as follows:

He offered her a slice of cake [33]...

Reference List

[33] D. Tusk. "A piece of cake perhaps?" Instagram. 20 September 2018. Available at: https://www.instagram.com/p/Bn8Luwbjzf9/ (Accessed: 7 February 2019).

In-Text Citation

For an in-text citation, you would cite the source as follows:

Laura Kuenssberg tweeted on the party conference [34].

Reference List

[34] L. Kuenssberg. @bbclaurak. "anyone might imagine that inside he's a tiny bit pleased". Twitter. 25 September 2018. Available at: https://twitter.com/bbclaurak/status/104455397227781733 (Accessed: 19 December 2022).